Dictionary of african biography pdf

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Dictionary of african biography pdf: A major biographical dictionary covering

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Dictionary of african biography pdf: Dictionary of African biography. 6

New York: Algora, His father, Shaykh Ahmad Umar Kuri d. Shaykh Ibrahim traveled to the Sudan in and studied in Omdurman before continuing on to Cairo in to pursue an advanced religious education. In the Egyptian capital he studied in several Al-Azhar secondary institutes — before enrolling at al-Azhar University. He graduated from al-Azhar in with a specialization in Hanai jurisprudence and worked in various editorial capacities for Cairene publishers specializing in diferent branches of the Islamic religious sciences.

In the late s he also published several articles under various pseudonyms condemning the Italian fascist colonial regime in Eritrea. Confronted with the dilemma of whether to go back to Eritrea in this political context, he inally resolved to return in Aprilater iteen years abroad. While the majority of those who favored the political union with Ethiopia were Christian, most of those who were associated with the pro-independence camp—especially under the auspices of the Muslim I-DAB-I.

Shaykh Ibrahim expressed irm pro-independence and nationalist positions, but due to his suprapolitical function, mostly away from the public eye. Yet when clashes between Muslims and Christian erupted in —, Shaykh Ibrahim joined Christian religious leaders in calling for calm and unity among Eritreans, and he promoted interfaith Muslim-Christian dialogue.

Under the British administration —Shaykh Ibrahim established, developed, and reformed Islamic legal and educational institutions throughout Eritrea. He centralized the Islamic legal system, regularized court procedures decrees of andregulated waqf pious endowments administration, organized qadi training in two major conventions in andand established formal legal record-keeping procedures.

In he was appointed the irst Eritrean judge to sit on the Supreme Court. Shaykh Ibrahim also devoted eforts to the foundation of new Arabic and Islamic schools in Asmara, Massawa, Mendefera, Keren, Agordat, and Embereme, some of which beneited from inancial, logistical, or pedagogical assistance and cooperation with al-Azhar University and its colleges.

He also regularized preaching in mosques by allowing only imams leaders of prayer educated in Islamic universities to preach. His role in the formation of an Eritrean Islamic public sphere and in crystallizing a certain sense of Eritrean Muslim identity in the context of early nationalism s—s appears to be absolutely pivotal. In the United Nations General Assembly declared that Eritrea would be an autonomous unit federated with Ethiopia under the sovereignty of the Ethiopian Crown.

Very early on thereater it was clear that Eritrean political autonomy was heavily curtailed and from the mids any antiEthiopian expression was harshly dealt with by the Ethiopian authorities in Eritrea. In this context of diminishing political freedom Shaykh Ibrahim struggled courageously against anti-Muslim discrimination and government interference with religious matters such as the appointment of qadis, eforts to change Islamic school curricula, the expulsion of al-Azhar teachers who taught in schools throughout the country, and severe budget cuts for mosques, Muslim oicials, and institutions, including the oice of the Muti itself.

Dictionary of african biography pdf: Dictionary of African Biography provides a

Interference with Islamic afairs went further and the abuse of power in the religious, legal, and educational arenas was virulent. Shaykh Ibrahim protested energetically against such measures, at times marking some successes in challenging the authorities. He died on 25 June in Asmara at the age of sixty. Al-Zayyat died on 10 September shortly ater she was awarded the State Prize for Literature in recognition of her literary achievements.

She devoted her literary eforts to the emancipation of women in Egypt and inluenced a generation of Egyptian women writers. She was proliic in her critical studies in English and Arabic, publishing books on the novels of Naguib Mahfouz, the image of women in Arabic works, and British and American literature. In she was awarded the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature.

London: Saqi Books, Mehrez, Samia. Al-Zayyat, Latifa. Ghazoul and Barabara Harlow. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, Al-Bab al-matuh.

Dictionary of african biography pdf: Dictionary of African biography volumes :

Translated by Marilyn Booth. Hamlat tatish: awraq shakhsiyya. Cairo: Kitab al-Hilal, Translated by Sophie Bennett. London: Quartet Books, In Ethiopian iconography, he is oten represented with a huge serpent, because, according to the legend, he was able to reach the top of the mountain with the help of the reptile, thanks to divine intervention.

At the age of fourteen he moved to the hebaid and there he received the monastic habit from St. Pachomius d.