King ur nammu biography template

King ur nammu biography template: Ur-Nammu founded the Sumerian Third

Before him is Gudea. Among fill deceased in BC, Ur-Nammu ranks 1. Read more frame Wikipedia Sincethe English Wikipedia page of Ur-Nammu has orthodox more thanpage views. Among politicians born in IraqUr-Nammu ranks Ur-Nammu was the first king of the 3rd dynasty of Ur, and is most famous for his code of laws. Others born in Iraq Go to all Rankings.

Egypt—Mesopotamia relations. Pre-Dynastic period — BCE. Susa I. Susa II Uruk influence or control. Jemdet Nasr period — BCE. First Eblaite Kingdom. First kingdom of Mari. Uruk I dynasty Meshkiangasher. Enmerkar "conqueror of Aratta ". ZamugTizqarIlku Iltasadum. Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman. Enmebaragesi "made the land of Elam submit" [ 6 ].

Aga of Kish. Kish II dynasty 5 kings Uhub Mesilim. Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum. Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur. Enun-dara-anna Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun. Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu. Phoenicia — BCE. Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu. Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna. Umma I dynasty Pabilgagaltuku. Lagash I dynasty Ur-Nanshe Akurgal.

A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu. Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur. Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik. Ush Enakalle. Elamite invasions 3 kings [ 6 ]. Shushun-Tarana Napi-Ilhush. Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi. E-iginimpa'e Meskigal. Adab dynasty Lugal-Anne-Mundu "King of the four quarters of the world". Lugalanda Urukagina. Akkadian Period — BCE.

Lugal-ushumgal vassal of the Akkadians. Second Eblaite Kingdom. Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir. Hishep-ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak. Gutian dynasty 21 kings La-erabum Si'um. Kuda Uruk Puzur-ili Ur-Utu. Shulgi doubtless extended his empire northward to include all northern Mesopotamia, and westward to the sea to include Syria and Cappadocia.

The question as to whether this seal was found in its original place is important. Arbela is near Ashur, the old Sumerian settlement of the north, and the capital of early Assyria. Its goddess was Ninlil, who became the consort of the god Ashur there. Little is known of the history of the Sumerian occupation of Ashur. The older patron deity of this city was the god A-shir, corrupted into Ashur and Ashshur.

The deity occurs in the name of an early patesi of Ashur, Kate- Ashirabout a century after the Ur period; and at Tuz-khurmation the Aksu, a brick stamp of Pukhiya son of Asirim and king of Khurshitu of about this time has been found. This Semitic prince it will be noticed, claimed for himself a royal status, and it is difficult to understand why the early viceroys of Ashur previous to the establishment of Babylonian authority in the time of Hammurabi did not make the same pretensions.

At all events, the god Ashir was unknown to the Sumerian priests, although Ur- Nammu or Shulgi certainly conquered his city. It had no patesi apparently, and it may be assumed that Ur- Nammu and Shulgi placed it under the patesi-ship of Kimash or some other district in that region. His title shakkanak was that of a local political office subordinate to the patesis.

The old Sumerian civilization of Ashur had already disappeared in the time of Sargon.

King ur nammu biography template: Ur-Nammu, the founder of one of

A fine statuette of one of its early Sumerian rulers has been recovered from the period when the beard was still worn, the lips, cheeks and head being clean shaven. The monument proves two things most important for the solution of the problem of origins. The incomplete tonsure belongs to the age of early Elamitic culture and long before the earliest sculpture of Sumer.

The weaving of the kaunakes reveals a higher state of civilization in the north than that of Sumer two or three centuries later. Seals from the same strata are pre-Sargonic; and this, combined with the fact that the old earth-god Enlil and his consort, Nin- lilprobably migrated to Nippur from Ashur, only indicates that Ashur in reality duplicates the history of Ashnunnak and Der.

They are halting-places of the prehistoric Sumerian migration, and Nippur received from Ashur its gods, even as Erech had received hers from Der. But was its old Sumerian name Ashir ki corrupted to Ashshurualready in the time of Shulgi? The name is of course taken from that of the god Ashir about whom the Sumerian texts of all periods are silent.

His name is sometimes written A-usarbut A-shir, if Sumerian, should king ur nammu biography template a deity of light, a form of the sun-god, and A-usar may refer to a god of dreams. At all events we find the Cappadocian proper-name Ashir-Shamshithat is, Ashir is my sun-god. However, the origin of the patronymic deity of the future capital of Assyria is a complete mystery.

No temple-archives of the city under the empires of Akkad and Ur have been found, and it certainly did not pay tribute to the cults of Nippur. In the age of Sargon the extensive district between the rivers north of Akkad was called Subir or Subartu, but in the records of Ur it appears as Sua kiSu ku or Su. Its population was Hittite or Mitannian.

Men from Su are repeatedly mentioned in the archives of Drehem and the name of one, Niushanamis known. The Assyrian grammarians frequently enter words of Su or Subir in their vocabularies. For example, one vocabulary states that the Su words for child, son, are pitku and nibru ; now, a Hittite word for son is pitga. The Su word for door is kharaliand for bed it is namaltum.

Gutium was likewise shortened to Gu and the grammarians occasionally enter words from Gu. An administrative record from Umma speaks of rations for camp-followers from IblaUrshu and Kimash ; the rations are wine from the land Bilak. Ibla and Urshu have already figured in the geography of the empire of Akkad and in the inscriptions of Gudea in northern Syria on the sea-coast, and Bilak is probably identical with the classical Bilechasthe name of the river on which were situated Harran and Edessa.

The Semites of Akkad were already firmly established among the peoples of the middle and upper Tigris long before the age of Shulgiand they were most probably the founders of the Semitic state it Ashur. The older Mitanni element reasserted itself toward the end of the Ur period, and Assyrian tradition speaks of two early Mitanni rulers at Ashur, who may be assigned to the age of Ibbi -Sin, Ushpia and Kikis.

A great many Mitanni names appear in the archives of Drehem in the reigns of Shulgi and his successors, and men with Mitanni names are found, not only as contributors to the national Sumerian cult of Nippur, but also in the king ur nammu biography template of civil servants in Sumer. Cappadocia was doubtless conquered and attached to the empire of Ur by Ur- Nammu or Shulgi.

In the valley of the Halys, north-east of Caesarea, at Kara- Euyukseveral hundred cuneiform tablets, mostly letters and contracts of the periods of Ur, Isin and the first Babylonian dynasties, have been found. The people learned Sumerian business methods and juridical procedure, the use of the cylinder seal, and the so-called case-tablet.

In the case-tablet, the clay tablet on which a contract or letter has been written, is enclosed in a thin clay envelope upon which is copied the inscription on the inner tablet. Witnesses, buyers and sellers, or officials, then impressed their seals on the envelope. By this method the contracting parties secured duplicate copies. The custom came into vogue about the time of Shulgi in Sumer and at once spread throughout the empire.

A Cappadocian contract concerning a loan of money in form of a case-tablet has several seal impressions. Some Sumerian, learned in Sumero -Babylonian legal methods, had been brought to this Semitic colony in the most remote part of the empire. It has been suggested that the scribe employed this old seal of the reign of the last king of Ur in the age of Hammurabi two centuries later.

But the evidence for the antiquity of this Cappadocian colony cannot be thus explained away. Many of the seals of Cappadocia are engraved with Sumerian religious scenes combined with local religious motifs, and a considerable percentage of them may be definitely dated in the Ur dynasty. One of the most common scenes is that where the worshipper is conducted into the presence of a seated deity by his protecting divinity, who leads him by the left hand while he salutes the deity by throwing a kiss with the right hand.

This motif is characteristic of the age from Gudea to Shulgiand disappears after the kings of Ur; and the seal of the scribe dedicated to Ibbi -Sin only completes the evidence of the glyptics. Cappadocia was clearly under the influence of the empire of Ur, and it may be that the exploits of the great founder of the dynasty rivaled those of Sargon the ancient.

Many seals belong also to the later Ur period and the dynasty of Isinand a few are engraved in the style of the first dynasty of Babylon. The Semitic colony in this region, which was soon to become the centre of Hittite power, thrived for at least three centuries. The dialect employed in these Cappadocian tablets is fundamentally Babylonian-Semitic, as found in contracts and letters of the Hammurabi period.

The technical legal terms are mostly those of Babylonia and the grammar is essentially Babylonian. On the other hand, the dialect employed here reveals at once west Semitic Amorite influence, and a people who had difficulty in pronouncing some Akkadian consonants. The emphatic sounds k, s, t are represented by the simple sounds, k or gz and t.

The surds t and p almost invariably become the sonants d and band there is a tendency to discard all closed syllables. These Semites of Cappadocia were doubtless under Hittite influence, as their defective pronunciation of Semitic words seems to be explained by Hittite phonetics. Many of these peculiarities recur in the Semitic dialect as spoken and written by the Hittites at Boghaz Keui in later times.

On the other hand, the names of men and women are Semitic, and principally west Semitic or Amorite with a prominent admixture of Assyrian names, a few are Babylonian and Sumerian.

King ur nammu biography template: Ur-Nammu (r. BCE) was the founder

It is not possible to detect with certainty a single Hittite personal name in the lists yet published. Caution must be exercised in the discussion of this important problem, for the majority of the Cappadocian tablets remain unpublished and Hittite names are to be expected. The Amorite god Adad is prominent in the composition of names; but specifically west Semitic words like adunulord are rare.

The god of Ashur is common, and is written Ashiras in the early period of the Ur dynasty, and also Ashur. That is, the same form of the word occurs here as in its native land. But the most important evidence for the direct influence of the city-state Ashur upon this remote Semitic colony is supplied by the month-names. They are identical with the old Assyrian month-names and have nothing in common with the Semitic month-names of Akkad.

In fact the Cappadocian tablets afford earlier records of the Assyrian months than the Assyrian sources. Now, Ninegal was an old Sumerian goddess of the lower world whose name was translated into Semitic by Belit-ekallim ; her cult was popular at Ashur and among the Hittites of the later period. A temple was built to her at Ashur for the life of Shu-Sin and it may be assumed that her cult was older there than in Cappadocia.

The weight of evidence, however, seems to favor a Cappadocian origin of the Assyrian month-names, but it can hardly be maintained that the god Ashur came from that region. The Cappadocians went their own way in the method of dating documents, writing the date in the body of the contract, giving the month and the name of the limmu. For example, a loan of money is dated in the month Kuzallu in the limmu of Ashur- imeti the sailor.

The name of some prominent citizen is given to each year, though none of them seem to have held high office as did the eponyms of Assyria. This method of dating is commonly regarded as characteristically Assyrian, but the system was in use in Cappadocia at least beforeand may be as old as the Ur period there. Here again the Assyrian appears to be the borrower.

The Cappadocian week of five days has not been discovered in Assyria. If it may be assumed that the week of five days was unknown at Ashur, it follows, of course, that the Cappadocian colony could hardly have come from there. The five-day "king ur nammu biography template" might have been borrowed from the Hittites, but this cannot be proved.

The Cappadocian colony consisted largely of traders, merchants of gold and silver and of garments manufactured there. The most probable view is that a branch of the western Semites Amoritesattracted by the mines of Anatolia, founded a colony beyond the Taurus about the time of Shulgiand that after the Ur period recognized more or less the authority of the viceroys of Ashur.

Influences between the growing power of Ashur and the Cappadocians were mutual. But the ethnological conditions of the lands of Subartu and Amor in the time of the empire of Ur are still a dimly lighted gallery of Ancient History, and it is regrettable that the origin of the future kingdoms of Assyria cannot be more precisely described.

The Semitic penetration of Subartu, in which Ashur lay, from the age of Sargon onward, renders it a natural assumption that Ashur was colonized by the Semitic Akkadians about B. But this Semitic colony, which displaced the Sumerian there, came into more intimate contact with the western Semites; Hittite influence also went no little way in increasing the difference between them and their ancestors in the south, both in language and temperament.

But the greater number of the deities in Cappadocia were Sumerian, as is to be expected. The western Semites on the frontiers of the empires of Akkad and Ur borrowed their culture from Sumer and Akkad, and came into contact with a northern exponent of this civilization at Ashur. Semite and Hittite vied as eager apostles of the religion, law and literature of Sumer and Akkad.

The goddess Ishkharawho first appears in the Sumerian pantheon at the end of the Ur period, occurs in Cappadocian names and frequently in the oaths of the treaties of later Hittite kings. It is possible that she is a Hittite deity of fountains and canals; the Sumerians identified her with Nina, the irrigation goddess. The fact that her name is omitted from the liturgies throws doubt upon her Sumerian origin.

Such was the empire founded by Ur- Nammu and consolidated by Shulgi. The long and prosperous reign of Shulgi inspired a religious movement of emperor-worship throughout Sumer and Akkad. Temples were built to the god Shulgior chapels provided for him in the great city-temples. A large temple record from Lagash dated in the fifty-seventh year preserves the income and expenses of the estate of the temple of the divine Shulgi.

Even more intensive became the adoration of the god-king after his death, and a business record of Lagash mentions lands belonging to the temples of the gods Amar-Sin his sonShulgi and Ningishzidathe latter being the local type of the dying vegetation-god Tammuz. The deified kings had this in common with Tammuz, that they suffered the fate of death.

They were therefore more or less identified with the dying son of mother-earth; they triumphed not over death as he did, but were translated to the stars. In Shulgi the people supposed that a champion had arisen to restore the Paradise among men which had existed before the Flood, and had been lost through the transgression of an ancient king, the divine Tagtug.

The theologians of Nippur wrote a long epic poem concerning the lost Paradise and the Fall of Man from his pre-diluvian state of happiness, and for the cult of Shulgi they also wrote hymns inspired by faith in him as the son of the earth-mother Ninsun of Erechsent to restore the age of peace and happiness. His conquests in far-away lands are also mentioned in his liturgies:.

One that walks in a foreign land by a king ur nammu biography template stretching far away thou art. A hastening governor, traversing his plains by the highways thou art. Divine Shulgiconqueror of foreign lands, establisher of the Land of Sumer. Hero who in heaven and earth no rival hast. The hymns to Shulgi emphasize his love of justice and institution of laws.

A seated deity usually beardless, and with low round hat, extending a cup to an adorantnow appears on seals. The new deity represents the deified emperors of the period. Amar-Sin, son of Shulgisucceeded to the throne and reigned eight years, receiving divine honors from the date of his accession. His name youth of the moon-god is a Semitic translation of a good Sumerian type, and the fact reflects the increasing influence of the Semites.

It is indeed incredible to suppose that the Sumerian empire of Ur was founded and held together for even a short period by the military power of the older race. The desolation of the Gutium period had shown that the welfare of Sumer and Akkad depended upon cooperation, and the real military power of Ur- Nammu and Shulgi was probably founded upon the Semitic element.

The Sumerian tenure of power was founded largely upon prestige of ancient culture and religion, acknowledged by Elam as well as Akkad.