Napier mohsin biography

John Napier - April 4, was a Scottish mathematician. He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms, of Napier's bones or Napier's rods and of the decimal point. He was born in Merchiston Tower, Edinburgh. Although he did not invent the natural logarithmic function, it is sometimes known as the Napierian Logarithm. The above is quoted in [ 12 ] without reference to its origin.

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Napier took part in the religious controversies of the time. He was a fervent Protestant and published, what he considered his most important work, the Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St. John Napier had been a fanatical Protestant from his days as an undergraduate at St Andrews. John according to his preface In fact there were good reasons why Napier thought that a change in the religious situation in Scotland might occur, for there had, for some time, been rumours that Philip of Spain might invade Scotland.

John did gain Napier quite a reputation, not only within Scotland, but also on the Continent after the work was translated into Dutch, French and German. Gibson, in [ 12 ]remarks however I suppose that there are few indeed of the present generation who have read, or even heard of, the book; whatever its merits may have been they do not appeal to the modern mind Napier's study of mathematics was only a hobby and in his mathematical works he writes that he often found it hard to find the time for the necessary calculations between working on theology.

He is best known, however, for his invention of logarithms but his other mathematical contributions include a mnemonic for formulae used in solving spherical triangles, two formulae known as "Napier's analogies" used in solving spherical triangles and an invention called "Napier's bones" used for mechanically multiplying dividing and taking square roots and cube roots.

Napier also found exponential expressions for trigonometric functions, and introduced the decimal notation for fractions.

Napier mohsin biography: Growing up in a devout shia

Much of Napier's work on logarithms seems to have been done while he was living at Gartness. The Statistical Account Vol. It is reported that the noise of the cascade, being constant, never gave him uneasiness, but that the clack of the mill, which was only occasional, greatly disturbed his thoughts. He was therefore, when in deep study, sometimes under the necessity of desiring the miller to stop the mill that the train of his ideas might not be interrupted.

They had two children together before Elizabeth napier mohsin biography in Napier later married Agnes Chisholm, and they had ten children. In Napier inherited the family estates and moved with his wife and children to Merchiston Castle. It was his writing on a non mathematical subject that first brought Napier to public notice.

In 16th Century terms and in post Reformation Scotland the book proved to be a best seller and was translated into a number of other languages. But it was the 37 pages of text and 90 pages of tables in his Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio which revolutionised the day to day work of contemporaries involved in a wide range of scientific pursuits that was to be his lasting legacy.

Craig had notes on a method of Paul Wittich that used trigonometric identities to reduce a multiplication formula for the sine function to additions. There are ten identities relating napier mohsin biography elements chosen from the set abcAB. Napier [ 15 ] provided an elegant mnemonic aid for the ten independent equations: the mnemonic is called Napier's circle or Napier's pentagon when the circle in the above figure, right, is replaced by a pentagon.

First, write the six parts of the triangle three vertex angles, three arc angles for the sides in the order they occur around any circuit of the triangle: for the triangle shown above left, going clockwise starting with a gives aCbAcB. Next replace the parts that are not adjacent to C that is A, c, B by their complements and then delete the angle C from the list.

The remaining parts can then be drawn as five ordered, equal slices of a pentagram, or circle, as shown in the above figure right. For any choice of three contiguous parts, one the middle part will be adjacent to two parts and opposite the other two parts. The ten Napier's Rules are given by. The key for remembering which trigonometric function goes with which part is to look at the first vowel of the kind of part: middle parts take the sine, adjacent parts take the tangent, and opposite parts take the cosine.

The full set of rules for the right spherical triangle is Todhunter, [ 16 ] Art. The results are:. Under the influence of the sermons of Christopher Goodmanhe developed a strongly anti-papal reading, going as far as to say that the Pope was the Antichrist in some of his writings. John as his most important work. It was written in English, unlike his other publications, in order to reach the widest audience and so that, according to Napier, "the simple of this island may be instructed".

Napier identified events in chronological order which he believed were parallels to events described in the Book of Revelation believing that Revelation 's structure implied that the prophecies would be fulfilled incrementally. Napier did not believe that people could know the true date of the Apocalypse, but claimed that since the Bible contained so many clues about the end, God wanted the Church to know when the end was coming.

In his dedication of the Plaine Discovery to James VIdated 29 Jan[ 18 ] Napier urged the king to see "that justice be done against the enemies of God's church," and counselled the King "to reform the universal enormities of his country, and first to begin at his own house, family, and court. It met with success at home and abroad.

In Michiel Panneel produced a Dutch translation, and this reached a second edition in In the work appeared at La Rochelle in a French version, by Georges Thomsonrevised by Napier, and that also went through several editions, and A new edition of the English original was called for inwhen it was revised and corrected by the author, and enlarged by the addition of With a resolution of certain doubts, moved by some well affected brethren.

Napier mohsin biography: She was interested to

The author stated that he still intended to publish a Latin edition, but it never appeared. A German translation, by Leo de Dromnaof the first part of Napier's work appeared at Gera inand of the whole by Wolfgang Meyer at Frankfurt-am-Mainin In addition to his mathematical and religious interests, Napier was often perceived as a magician, and is thought to have dabbled in alchemy and necromancy.

It was said that he would travel about with a black spider in a small box, and that his black cockerel was his familiar spirit. Some of Napier's neighbours accused him of being a sorcerer and in league with the devil, believing that all of the time he spent in his study was being used to learn the black art. These rumours were stoked when Napier used his black cockerel to catch a thief.

Napier told his servants to go into a darkened room and pet the cockerel, claiming the bird would crow if they were the one who stole his property. Unbeknownst to the servants, Napier had covered the bird with soot and when the napier mohsin biography emerged from the room, Napier inspected their hands to find the one who had been too afraid to touch the rooster.

Another act which Napier is reported to have carried out, which may have seemed mystical to the locals, was when Napier removed the pigeons from his estate since they were eating his grain. Napier caught the pigeons by strewing grain laced with alcohol throughout the field and then capturing the pigeons once they were too drunk to fly away.

A contract still exists for a treasure huntmade between Napier and Robert Logan of Restalrig. Napier was to search Fast Castle for treasure allegedly hidden there, wherein it is stated that Napier should "do his utmost diligence to search and seek out, and by all craft and ingine to find out the same, or make it sure that no such thing has been there.

Henry Briggs was an early adopter of the Napierian logarithm. He later computed a new table of logarithms to base 10, accurate to 14 decimal places. An alternative unit to the decibel used in electrical engineeringthe neperis named after Napier, as is Edinburgh Napier University in Edinburgh, Scotland. The crater Neper on the Moon is named after him.

In Finnish and Italian, the mathematical constant e is named after him Neperin luku and Numero di Nepero. Elizabeth died inand Napier then married Agnes Chisholm, with whom he had ten more children.