Biography stephen hawking en francais

As part of another longstanding scientific dispute, Hawking had emphatically argued, and bet, that the Higgs boson would never be found. Hawking and Higgs engaged in a heated and public debate over the matter in and again inwith Higgs criticising Hawking's work and complaining that Hawking's "celebrity status gives him instant credibility that others do not have".

Hawking quickly conceded that he had lost his bet [ ] [ ] and said that Higgs should win the Nobel Prize for Physics[ ] which he did in InHawking and his daughter Lucy published George's Secret Key to the Universea children's book designed to explain theoretical physics in an accessible fashion and featuring characters similar to those in the Hawking family.

Several buildings have been named after him, including the Stephen W. During his career, Hawking supervised 39 successful PhD students. On 28 Juneas a tongue-in-cheek test of his conjecture that travel into the past is effectively impossible, Hawking held a party open to all, complete with hors d'oeuvres and iced champagne, but publicised the party only after it was over so that only time-travellers would know to attend; as expected, nobody showed up to the party.

On 20 JulyHawking helped launch Breakthrough Initiativesan effort to search for extraterrestrial life. In AugustHawking said that not all information is lost when something enters a black hole and there might be a possibility to retrieve information from a black hole according to his theory. Hawking's final paper — A smooth exit from eternal inflation?

Hawking met his future wife, Jane Wildeat a party in The following year, Hawking was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. In Octoberthe couple became engaged to marry, aware of the potential challenges that lay ahead due to Hawking's shortened life expectancy and physical limitations. During their first years of marriage, Jane lived in London during the week as she completed her degree at Westfield College.

They travelled to the United States several times for conferences and physics-related visits. The couple had three children: Robert, born May[ ] [ ] Lucyborn November[ ] and Timothy, born April Hawking rarely discussed his illness and physical challenges—even, in a precedent set during their courtship, with Jane.

Biography stephen hawking en francais: (Stephen William Hawking; Oxford, Reino

Hawking accepted, and Bernard Carr travelled with them as the first of many students who fulfilled this role. Hawking returned to Cambridge in to a new home and a new job, as reader. Don Pagewith whom Hawking had begun a close friendship at Caltech, arrived to work as the live-in graduate student assistant. With Page's help and that of a secretary, Jane's responsibilities were reduced so she could return to her doctoral thesis and her new interest in singing.

Biography stephen hawking en francais: Jusqu'à sa mort en mars ,

Hellyer Jones became close to the Hawking family and, by the mids, he and Jane had developed romantic feelings for each other. By the s, Hawking's marriage had been strained for many years. Jane felt overwhelmed by the intrusion into their family life of the required nurses and assistants. In the late s, Hawking grew close to one of his nurses, Elaine Mason, to the dismay of some colleagues, caregivers, and family members, who were disturbed by her strength of personality and protectiveness.

InJane Hawking published a memoir, Music to Move the Starsdescribing her marriage to Hawking and its breakdown. Its revelations caused a sensation in the media but, as was his usual practice regarding his personal life, Hawking made no biography stephen hawking en francais comment except to say that he did not read biographies about himself.

InHawking and Mason quietly divorced, [ ] [ ] and Hawking resumed closer relationships with Jane, his children, and his grandchildren. Hawking had a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of motor neurone disease MND; also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS or Lou Gehrig's diseasea fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor neurones in the brain and spinal cord, which gradually paralysed him over decades.

Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford, including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing. His family noticed the changes when he returned home for Christmas, and medical investigations were begun. At the time, doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years. In the late s, Hawking's physical abilities declined: he began to use crutches and could no longer give lectures regularly.

He preferred to be regarded as "a scientist first, popular science writer second, and, in all the ways that matter, a normal human being with the same desires, drives, dreams, and ambitions as the next person". I've called it both at one time or another. When Hawking first began using a wheelchair he was using standard motorised models. Hawking used a variety of different chairs from that time, including a DragonMobility Dragon elevating powerchair fromas shown in the April photo of Hawking attending NASA's 50th anniversary; [ ] a Permobil C from ; and then a Permobil F3 from Hawking's speech deteriorated, and by the late s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends.

To communicate with others, someone who knew him well would interpret his speech into intelligible speech. During a visit to CERN on the border of France and Switzerland in mid, Hawking contracted pneumoniawhich in his condition was life-threatening; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be terminated. She refused, but the consequence was a tracheotomywhich required round-the-clock nursing care and caused the loss of what remained of his speech.

The cost of the care was funded by an American foundation. One of those employed was Elaine Mason, who was to become Hawking's second wife. For his communication, Hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card[ ] but in he received a computer program called the "Equalizer" from Walter Woltosz, CEO of Words Plus, who had developed an earlier version of the software to help his mother-in-law, who also had ALS and had lost her ability to speak and write.

Elaine Mason's husband, David, a computer engineer, adapted a small computer and attached it to his wheelchair. Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech, Hawking commented that "I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice. Hawking gradually lost the use of his hand, and in he began to control his communication device with movements of his cheek muscles, [ ] [ ] [ ] with a rate of about one word per minute.

After several prototypes that did not perform as planned, they settled on an adaptive word predictor made by the London-based startup SwiftKeywhich used a system similar to his original technology. Hawking had an easier time adapting to the new system, which was further developed after inputting large amounts of Hawking's papers and other written materials and uses predictive software similar to other smartphone keyboards.

Byhe could no longer drive his wheelchair independently, but the same people who created his new typing mechanics were working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin. This proved difficult, since Hawking could not move his neck, and trials showed that while he could indeed drive the chair, the movement was sporadic and jumpy.

Starting in the s, Hawking accepted the mantle of role model for disabled people, lecturing and participating in fundraising activities. In AugustHawking narrated the "Enlightenment" segment of the Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London. As he had pneumonia inhe was advised not to have ice poured over him, but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf.

In lateHawking revealed in a BBC interview that one of his greatest unfulfilled desires was to travel to space. Besides personal ambition, he was motivated by the desire to increase public interest in spaceflight and to show the potential of people with disabilities. Hawking died at his home in Cambridge on 14 Marchat the age of Inscribed on his memorial stone are the words "Here lies what was mortal of Stephen Hawking —" and his most famed equation.

Biography stephen hawking en francais: Stephen William Hawking (8

Hawking's final broadcast interview, about the detection of gravitational waves resulting from the collision of two neutron starsoccurred in October In Marchit was announced that the Royal Mint would issue a commemorative 50p coinonly available as a commemorative edition, [ ] in honour of Hawking. In May it was announced that an Acceptance-in-Lieu agreement between HMRC, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, Cambridge University Library, Science Museum Group, and the Hawking Estate, would see around 10, pages of Hawking's scientific and other papers remain in Cambridge, while objects including his wheelchairs, speech synthesisers, and personal memorabilia from his former Cambridge office would be housed at the Science Museum.

He believed that philosophers "have not kept up with modern developments in science", "have not taken science sufficiently seriously and so Philosophy is no longer relevant to knowledge claims", "their art is dead" and that scientists "have become the bearers of the torch of discovery in our quest for knowledge ". He said that philosophical problems can be answered by "biography stephen hawking en francais," particularly new scientific theories which "lead us to a new and very different picture of the universe and our place in it".

InHawking posed an open question on the Internet: "In a world that is in chaos politically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another years? That is why I asked the question, to get people to think about it, and to be aware of the dangers we now face. Hawking expressed concern that life on Earth is at risk from a sudden nuclear war, a genetically engineered virus, global warmingan asteroid collisionor other dangers humans have not yet thought of.

Hawking stated that, given the vastness of the universe, aliens likely exist, but that contact with them should be avoided. In he said, "If aliens visit us, the outcome would be much as when Columbus landed in America, which didn't turn out well for the Native Americans. Hawking warned that superintelligent artificial intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity's fate, stating that "the potential benefits are huge Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history.

It might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks. A super-intelligent AI will be extremely good at accomplishing its goals, and if those goals aren't aligned with ours, we're in trouble". Hawking was concerned about the biography stephen hawking en francais emergence of a race of "superhumans" that would be able to design their own evolution [ ] and, as well, argued that computer viruses in today's world should be considered a new form of life, stating that "maybe it says something about human nature, that the only form of life we have created so far is purely destructive.

Talk about creating life in our own image. Hawking was an atheist. We are each free to believe what we want and it is my view that the simplest explanation is there is no God. No one created the universe and no one directs our fate. This leads me to a profound realisation. There is probably no heaven, and no afterlife either. We have this one life to appreciate the grand design of the universe, and for that, I am extremely grateful.

Hawking's association with atheism and freethinking was in evidence from his university years onwards, when he had been a member of Oxford University's humanist group. He was later scheduled to appear as the keynote speaker at a Humanists UK conference. Before we understand science, it is natural to believe that God created the universe. But now science offers a more convincing explanation.

What I meant by 'we would know the mind of God' is, we would know everything that God would know, if there were a God, which there isn't. I'm an atheist. If you like, you can call the laws of science 'God', but it wouldn't be a personal God that you would meet and put questions to. Hawking was a longstanding Labour Party supporter. Hawking was greatly concerned over health care, and maintained that without the UK National Health Servicehe could not have survived into his 70s.

He stated, "The more profit is extracted from the system, the more private monopolies grow and the more expensive healthcare becomes. The NHS must be preserved from commercial interests and protected from those who want to privatise it. But he was also critical of Labour leader Jeremy Corbynexpressing scepticism over whether the party could win a general election under him.

Hawking feared Donald Trump 's policies on global warming could endanger the planet and make global warming irreversible. He said, "Climate change is one of the great dangers we face, and it's one we can prevent if we act now. By denying the evidence for climate change, and pulling out of the Paris AgreementDonald Trump will cause avoidable environmental damage to our beautiful planet, endangering the natural world, for us and our children.

Hawking was also a supporter of a universal basic income. InHawking, Arthur C. They discussed the Big Bang theoryGod and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. At the release party for the home video version of the A Brief History of TimeLeonard Nimoywho had played Spock on Star Treklearned that Hawking was interested in appearing on the show.

Nimoy made the necessary contact, and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation in Hawking allowed the use of his copyrighted voice [ ] [ ] in the biographical film The Theory of Everythingin which he was portrayed by Eddie Redmayne in an Academy Award-winning role. He was shown to sing an extended version of the " Galaxy Song ", after running down Brian Cox with his wheelchair, in a pre-recorded video.

Hawking used his fame to advertise products, including a wheelchair, [ ] National Savings[ ] British TelecomSpecsaversEgg Banking[ ] and Go Compare. The animated sitcom The Freak Brothers features a recurring character, Mayor Pimco, who is apparently modelled after Stephen Hawking. Hawking received numerous awards and honours. Hawking has made major contributions to the field of general relativity.

These derive from a deep understanding of what is relevant to physics and astronomy, and especially from a mastery of wholly new mathematical techniques. Following the pioneering work of Penrose he established, partly alone and partly in collaboration with Penrose, a series of successively stronger theorems establishing the fundamental result that all realistic cosmological models must possess singularities.

Using similar techniques, Hawking has proved the basic theorems on the laws governing black holes: that stationary solutions of Einstein's equations with smooth event horizons must necessarily be axisymmetric; and that in the evolution and interaction of black holes, the total surface area of the event horizons must increase. In collaboration with G.

Ellis, Hawking is the author of an impressive and original treatise on "Space-time in the Large". The citation continues, "Other important work by Hawking relates to the interpretation of cosmological observations and to the design of gravitational wave detectors.

Biography stephen hawking en francais: Stephen Hawking traduit en Français

At the Pride of Britain AwardsHawking received the lifetime achievement award "for his contribution to science and British culture". The fellowship is awarded annually to an individual who has made an exceptional contribution to the STEM fields and social discourse, [ ] with a particular focus on impacts affecting the younger generations.

Each fellow delivers a lecture on a topic of their choosing, known as the 'Hawking Lecture'. Hawking himself accepted the inaugural fellowship, and he delivered the first Hawking Lecture in his last public appearance before his death. Hawking was a member of the advisory board of the Starmus Festivaland had a major role in acknowledging and promoting science communication.

The Stephen Hawking Medal for Science Communication is an annual award initiated in to honour members of the arts community for contributions that help build awareness of science. The first recipients of the medals, which were awarded at the festival, were chosen by Hawking himself. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history.

Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. English theoretical physicist — Hawking, c. OxfordEngland. CambridgeEngland. See list. Jane Wilde. Elaine Mason. General relativity quantum gravity. Early universe. Subject history. Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Primary and secondary school years.

Plans for a trip to space. Appearances in popular media. Further information: Stephen Hawking in popular culture. Main article: Hawking Fellowship. Medal for Science Communication. Children's fiction. This relationship between concepts from the disparate fields of general relativityquantum mechanics and thermodynamics implies the existence of deep connections between them and may presage their unification.

It is inscribed on Hawking's memorial stone. Vacuum energy and general relativity PhD thesis. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 5 February Pair creation of black holes in cosmology PhD thesis. Primordial black holes PhD thesis. Thorne July Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. ISSN S2CID Wikidata Q Space-time wormholes PhD thesis.

Some aspects of gravitational radiation and gravitational collapse PhD thesis. The origin of inflation PhD thesis. Time and quantum cosmology PhD thesis. Accretion into and emission from black holes PhD thesis. California Institute of Technology. Archived from the biography stephen hawking en francais on 21 February Retrieved 6 February Black holes and quantum mechanics PhD thesis.

Problems in M theory. OCLC EThOS uk. Archived from the original on 1 May Retrieved 1 May Cosmological models and the inflationary universe PhD thesis. Retrieved 7 February London: Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 March Retrieved 21 March Archived from the original on 30 August Retrieved 23 June Stephen Hawking Official Website.

The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 25 May Retrieved 11 December The Independent. Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 15 September Scientific American. Retrieved 23 December Q: How frequent are these cases of very slow-progressing forms of ALS? A: I would say probably less than a few percent. Skeptical Inquirer.

Volume 25, No. Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Retrieved 17 December Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. United Press International. Archived from the original on 8 January Retrieved 21 September Stephen William". Who's Who online Oxford University Press ed. Subscription or UK public library membership required.

The Herald. Archived from the original on 30 May Retrieved 14 March Archived from the original on 22 March Radio Times. Archived from the original on 7 January Retrieved 6 January My Brief History. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses.

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Le rayonnement de Hawking. L'entropie des trous noirs. Le paradoxe de l'information. En collaboration avec Christophe Galfard. Wilson Company, O'Connor et Edmund F. Hoare et E. Love, « Dick Tahta », The Guardian5 janvier ISBN We need a rethink »sur theguardian.